Surya, also known as Aditya, is the Hindu god of Sun, celebrated as the creator of the universe and the source of all life. He brings light and warmth to the world, traveling across the sky each day in his golden chariot pulled by seven horses, driven by Aruna, the personification of Dawn. The most famous temple of Surya is in Konark, Orissa, but it is worshipped across the Indian subcontinent and is also a minor deity in Buddhism.
Mythology and Origins
Surya first appears in the Rigveda, one of the oldest Vedic texts, dating back to between 1500 and 1000 BCE. It is depicted as the bringer of the Sun, riding his chariot across the sky and defeating the demons of darkness. According to myths, Surya is the son of Kasyapa, a Vedic sage, and Aditi, representing the infinite heavens. In other tales, his father is Brahma or Dyaus.
Surya had three children with Samjna (Conscience), the daughter of Visvakarma: Vaivasvata (one of the original men or Manu), Yama (god of the dead), and Yami (goddess of the Yamuna river). Samjna, unable to bear Surya’s brilliance, left him and lived as a mare in the forest. Surya, disguised as a stallion, mated with her, resulting in the birth of Revanta and the twin Ashvins, who accompany Surya in his chariot.
Surya’s Many Names
Surya is known by numerous names and epithets, reflecting his various aspects and powers. Some of his names include:
- Vivasvat (Brilliant)
- Savitr (the Nourisher)
- Bhaskara (Light-maker)
- Dinakara (Day-maker)
- Lokacaksuh (Eye of the World)
- Graharaja (King of the Constellations)
- Sahasra-kirana (Of a Thousand Rays)
Surya in Hindu Worship
Surya was a major deity in the Vedic period and remains significant in Hindu worship today. He is celebrated during the harvest festival of Pongal in southern India and by Tamils worldwide. Surya also features prominently in the Gayatri mantra, a revered chant in Hinduism.
Festivals Dedicated to Surya
- Makar Sankranti: Makar sankranti is celebrated with much fervor, especially in Tamil Nadu as Pongal, to thank Surya for a good harvest.
- Chhath Puja: A major festival in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, worshipping Surya for the health and prosperity of the family.
- Ratha Saptami: Marks the seventh day of the bright half of the Hindu month of Magha, celebrated as Surya Jayanti.
Temples of Surya
Konark Sun Temple
The most renowned temple dedicated to Surya is in Konark, Orissa. Built in the 13th century CE, it is designed to resemble Surya’s chariot, complete with 12 pairs of stone wheels and seven horses. This UNESCO World Heritage Site showcases the grandeur of ancient Indian architecture.
Modhera Sun Temple
Located in Gujarat, this 11th-century temple was built by King Bhimdev of the Solanki dynasty. It is an architectural marvel, with intricate carvings and a grand structure that aligns with the equinox sun rays.
Martand Sun Temple
Situated in Kashmir, this temple, now in ruins, was once a major religious site. Built by King Lalitaditya in the 8th century, it reflects the glory of ancient Indian temple architecture.
Surya in Yoga and Astrology
Surya is integral to yoga practices like Surya Namaskara (Sun Salutation), a series of postures performed to honor the Sun. In Vedic astrology, Surya represents vitality, authority, and the soul. His position in the horoscope influences an individual’s life significantly.
Surya’s Influence Beyond Hinduism
Surya’s influence extends to other cultures as well. In Greek mythology, his counterpart is Helios, and in Egyptian mythology, he is akin to Ra. In Zoroastrianism, the Sun is seen as the “Eye of Ahura Mazda,” similar to Surya’s representation as an eye of Vishnu.
The Eternal Light of Surya
Surya, the radiant Sun God, continues to illuminate Hindu culture and spirituality. His mythology, worship practices, and the magnificent temples dedicated to him highlight his enduring significance. By honoring Surya, devotees seek to embody his qualities of light, warmth, and vitality, enriching their spiritual journey.
Frequently asked questions
1. What is the role of Surya in Hinduism?
Surya is a major deity in Hinduism, revered as the sun god and considered the source of all life. He is also one of the Navagrahas, or nine planets, worshipped in Hindu astrology.
2. What type of god is Surya?
Surya is a solar deity and is regarded as the god of the sun and light.
3. What does Hinduism say about the sun?
Hinduism views the sun as a vital force of energy and a source of life. It is considered a symbol of health, power, and knowledge.
4. Who is the Hindu god of the sun?
The Hindu god of the sun is Surya.
